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what three hardships did the filipinos have to endure in the designated zones

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1942–1945 Japanese occupation of the Philippines during WWII

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines (Filipino: Pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas; Japanese: 日本のフィリピン占領, romanized: Japan no Firipin Senryō ) occurred betwixt 1942 and 1945, when Regal Nihon occupied the Republic of the Philippines during World War II.

The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 Dec 1941, ten hours after the assault on Pearl Harbor. As at Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on 12 December 1941. General Douglas MacArthur was ordered out, leaving his men at Corregidor on the night of 11 March 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving and ill American and Filipino defenders in Bataan surrendered on 9 April 1942, and were forced to endure the infamous Bataan Expiry March on which 7,000–10,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on vi May.

Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the give up of Japan. A highly constructive guerrilla entrada by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percentage of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine, and he sent reinforcements and officers. The Filipino population remained generally loyal to the Usa, partly because of the American guarantee of independence, considering of the Japanese mistreatment of Filipinos after the surrender, and because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and put young Filipino women into brothels.[i]

General MacArthur kept his promise to render to the Philippines on 20 Oct 1944. The landings on the island of Leyte were accompanied by a force of 700 vessels and 174,000 men. Through December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of Japanese soldiers. During the campaign, the Royal Japanese Army conducted a suicidal defense of the islands. Cities such as Manila were reduced to rubble. Effectually 500,000 Filipinos died during the Japanese Occupation Period.[2]

Background [edit]

Japan launched an set on on the Philippines on 8 December 1941, just ten hours later their attack on Pearl Harbor.[3] Initial aerial battery was followed by landings of ground troops both northward and south of Manila.[4] The defending Philippine and United states troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been recalled to active duty in the U.s.a. Army before in the year and was designated commander of the United States Armed forces in the Asia-Pacific region.[5] The aircraft of his command were destroyed; the naval forces were ordered to leave; and because of the circumstances in the Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of his ground forces were impossible.[6] Nether the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the archway to Manila Bay.[7] Manila, alleged an open city to foreclose its destruction,[8] was occupied by the Japanese on ii January 1942.[ix]

The Philippine defense continued until the terminal give up of U.S.-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 10, 1942 and on Corregidor in May half dozen, 1942.[ten] Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and afterward left for the United states, where they fix upwardly a government-in-exile.[11] MacArthur was ordered to Commonwealth of australia, where he started to programme for a render to the Philippines.[12]

Well-nigh of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured past the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous "Bataan Decease March" to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the northward.[10] Thousands of men, weakened by illness and malnutrition and treated harshly by their captors, died earlier reaching their destination. More men died from Japanese mistreatment in the first four months in the camps than had died in the four months of battle previously. [13]

The occupation [edit]

Alert for local residents to go on their premises sanitary or confront punishment.

A 100-peso note made by the Japanese during the occupation.

The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government construction in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands later occupation, they initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent commonwealth.[14] Nigh of the Philippine aristocracy, with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese.[15] The boob democracy was headed by President José P. Laurel.[16] Philippine collaboration in puppet government began nether Jorge B. Vargas, who was originally appointed past Quezon as the mayor of Urban center of Greater Manila before Quezon departed Manila.[17] The only party immune during the occupation was the Japanese-organized KALIBAPI.[18] During the occupation, most Filipinos remained loyal to the U.s.a.,[19] and war crimes committed by forces of the Empire of Japan confronting surrendered Allied forces[20] and civilians were documented.[21]

Throughout the Philippines more than than a thousand Filipinos, composed of mothers, girls, and gay men, some anile 10, were imprisoned, forcibly taken equally "comfort women", and kept in sexual slavery for Japanese military personnel during the occupation.[22] [23] [24] [25] Each of the Japanese war machine installations in the Philippines during the occupation had a location where the women were held, which they called a "condolement station".[26] One such place where these women were imprisoned was Bahay na Pula.[27]

Resistance [edit]

Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by active and successful underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years and that somewhen covered a big portion of the country. Opposing these guerrillas were a Japanese-formed Agency of Constabulary (later taking the name of the onetime Police force during the Second Democracy),[28] [29] Kempeitai,[28] and the Makapili.[30] Postwar investigations showed that nearly 260,000 people were in guerrilla organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese underground were even more numerous. Such was their effectiveness that by the end of the war, Japan controlled just twelve of the forty-eight provinces.[31]

The Philippine guerrilla movement connected to grow, in spite of Japanese campaigns against them. Throughout Luzon and the southern islands, Filipinos joined various groups and vowed to fight the Japanese. The commanders of these groups made contact with i another, argued about who was in charge of what territory, and began to formulate plans to assist the return of American forces to the islands. They gathered important intelligence information and smuggled it out to the U.S. Army, a procedure that sometimes took months. General MacArthur formed a clandestine functioning to support the guerrillas. He had Lieutenant Commander Charles "Chick" Parsons smuggle guns, radios and supplies to them by submarine. The guerrilla forces, in turn, built upwards their stashes of artillery and explosives and made plans to assist MacArthur'due south invasion past sabotaging Japanese communications lines and attacking Japanese forces from the rear.[32]

Various guerrilla forces formed throughout the archipelago, ranging from groups of U.Southward. Armed forces in the Far Eastward (USAFFE) forces who refused to give up to local militia initially organized to combat banditry brought near by disorder caused by the invasion.[33] Several islands in the Visayas region had guerrilla forces led by Filipino officers, such every bit Colonel Macario Peralta in Panay,[33] [34] Major Ismael Ingeniero in Bohol,[33] [35] and Captain Salvador Abcede in Negros.[33] [36]

The island of Mindanao, being uttermost from the center of Japanese occupation, had 38,000 guerrillas who were eventually consolidated under the command of American ceremonious engineer Colonel Wendell Fertig.[33] Fertig'south guerrillas included many American and Filipino troops who had been part of the force on Mindanao under Major General William F. Abrupt. When Wainwright had ordered Sharp's forces to surrender, Precipitous considered compelled to obey this order. Many of the American and Filipino officers refused to surrender, since they reasoned that Wainwright, now a prisoner who could be considered nether duress, had no authority to issue orders to Sharp. For several reasons it was unknown how many did not surrender, although probably effectually 100 to 200 Americans concluded up with Fertig's guerrillas. The names of new Filipino recruits were purposefully left off the lists of men to be surrendered. In other cases, documents were fabricated to report fewer men than were actually under Sharp. Other troops died for various reasons after getting abroad and others left Mindanao entirely.[37]

Ane resistance group in the Key Luzon area was known as the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People'southward Anti-Japanese Army, organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a communist party fellow member since 1939. The Huks armed some thirty,000 people and extended their control over portions of Luzon.[38] However, guerrilla activities on Luzon were hampered due to the heavy Japanese presence and infighting between the diverse groups,[39] including Hukbalahap troops attacking American-led guerrilla units.[40] [41]

Lack of equipment, hard terrain and undeveloped infrastructure made coordination of these groups well-nigh impossible, and for several months in 1942, all contact was lost with Philippine resistance forces. Communications were restored in November 1942 when the reformed Philippine 61st Division on Panay island, led by Colonel Macario Peralta, was able to constitute radio contact with the USAFFE command in Australia. This enabled the forwarding of intelligence regarding Japanese forces in the Philippines to SWPA command, as well equally consolidating the once sporadic guerrilla activities and allowing the guerrillas to assistance in the war effort.[33]

Increasing amounts of supplies and radios were delivered by submarine to assist the guerrilla effort. By the time of the Leyte invasion, four submarines were defended exclusively to the delivery of supplies.[33]

Other guerrilla units were fastened to the SWPA, and were active throughout the archipelago. Some of these units were organized or directly continued to pre-surrender units ordered to mount guerrilla actions. An case of this was Troop C, 26th Cavalry.[42] [43] [44] Other guerrilla units were made upwards of one-time Philippine Ground forces and Philippine Scouts soldiers who had been released from Prisoner of war camps by the Japanese.[45] [46] Others were combined units of Americans, war machine and noncombatant, who had never surrendered or had escaped afterwards surrendering, and Filipinos, Christians and Moros, who had initially formed their ain small-scale units. Colonel Wendell Fertig organized such a group on Mindanao that not just finer resisted the Japanese, only formed a complete authorities that often operated in the open up throughout the island. Some guerrilla units would after be assisted past American submarines which delivered supplies,[47] evacuate refugees and injured,[48] also equally inserted individuals and whole units,[49] such as the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion,[50] and Alamo Scouts.[fifty]

By the end of the war, some 277 separate guerrilla units, made up of some 260,715 individuals, fought in the resistance movement.[51] Select units of the resistance would become on to be reorganized and equipped as units of the Philippine Regular army and Constabulary.[52]

Terminate of the occupation [edit]

When General MacArthur returned to the Philippines with his army in late 1944, he was well-supplied with information; it is said that by the fourth dimension MacArthur returned, he knew what every Japanese lieutenant ate for breakfast and where he had his haircut. Only the render was not like shooting fish in a barrel. The Japanese Imperial General Staff decided to make the Philippines their last line of defence force, and to stop the American accelerate towards Japan. They sent every available soldier, airplane and naval vessel to the defense of the Philippines. The kamikaze corps was created specifically to defend the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. The Battle of Leyte Gulf ended in disaster for the Japanese and was the biggest naval boxing of World State of war 2. The entrada to liberate the Philippines was the bloodiest campaign of the Pacific War. Intelligence information gathered by the guerrillas averted a disaster—they revealed the plans of Japanese General Yamashita to trap MacArthur'due south army, and they led the liberating soldiers to the Japanese fortifications.[32]

MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the isle of Leyte on 20 October 1944, accompanied by Osmeña, who had succeeded to the commonwealth presidency upon the death of Quezon on 1 Baronial 1944. Landings and then followed on the isle of Mindoro and around Lingayen Gulf on the west side of Luzon, and the push toward Manila was initiated. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was restored. Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon, where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put up a terminal-ditch resistance. The Philippine Democracy troops and the recognized guerrilla fighter units rose up everywhere for the final offensive.[53] Filipino guerrillas also played a large role during the liberation. One guerrilla unit of measurement came to substitute for a regularly constituted American division, and other guerrilla forces of battalion and regimental size supplemented the efforts of the U.Due south. Ground forces units. Moreover, the cooperative Filipino population eased the problems of supply, construction and civil administration and furthermore eased the task of Allied forces in recapturing the land.[54] [55]

Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on 2 September 1945. The Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous concrete destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 527,000 Filipinos, both war machine and civilians, had been killed from all causes; of these between 131,000 and 164,000 were killed in lxx-two war crime events.[56] [2] According to a United States analysis released years afterward the state of war, U.South. casualties were x,380 dead and 36,550 wounded; Japanese dead were 255,795. Filipino deaths during the occupations, on the other manus, are estimated to exist more than exist around 527,000 (27,000 military dead, 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine).[ii] The Philippine population decreased continuously for the side by side five years due to the spread of diseases and the lack of basic needs, far from the Filipino lifestyle prior to the war when the land had been the 2d richest in Asia afterwards Japan.[56]

Come across also [edit]

  • Emergency circulating notes
  • Escape to the Hills
  • Heritage Towns and Cities of the Philippines
  • Hunters ROTC
  • Japanese government-issued Philippine fiat peso
  • Military history of the Philippines during World War II
  • Santo Tomas Internment Military camp
  • Second Philippine Democracy

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Agoncillo Teodoro A. The Fateful Years: Nippon's Gamble in the Philippines, 1941–1945. Quezon City, PI: R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., 1965. 2 vols
  • Hartendorp A. 5. H. The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines. Manila: Bookmark, 1967. two vols.
  • Lear, Elmer. The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines: Leyte, 1941–1945. Southeast Asia Program, Department of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell Academy, 1961. 246p. emphasis on social history
  • Steinberg, David J. Philippine Collaboration in World War 2. University of Michigan Press, 1967. 235p.
  • Hernando J. Abaya (1946). Expose in the Philippines. A.A. Wyn, Incorporated.

Principal sources [edit]

  • Ephraim, Frank (2003). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press. p. 220. ISBN978-0-252-02845-viii.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines

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